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<title>Document Object Model</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Document Object Model</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">Document Object Model (DOM)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Example of DOM hierarchy in an HTML document</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">DOM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data">DOM4<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>November 19, 2015<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-11-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, <a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">WHATWG DOM Living Standard</a><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/dom/">W3C DOM4</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Article_element" title="Article element">article</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_video" title="HTML video">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>

<ul><li><a href="XHTML_Basic" title="XHTML Basic">Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">Mobile Profile</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML element</a>

<li><a href="Blink_element" title="Blink element">blink</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquee_element" title="Marquee element">marquee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTML_attribute" title="HTML attribute">HTML attribute</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li>

<li><a href="Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">named characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">Unicode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Language_code" title="Language code">Language code</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_Object_Model" title="Browser Object Model">Browser Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_sheet_(web_development)" title="Style sheet (web development)">Style sheets</a>

<li><a href="Font_family_(HTML)" title="Font family (HTML)">Font family</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul><li><a href="WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Validator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li>

<li><a href="Quirks_mode" title="Quirks mode">Quirks mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">Rendering engine</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_document_markup_languages" title="Comparison of document markup languages">Document markup languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_browser_engines" title="Comparison of browser engines">Comparison of browser engines</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>The <b>Document Object Model</b> (<b>DOM</b>) is a <a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Language-independent_specification" title="Language-independent specification">language-independent</a> <a href="API" title="API">API</a> that treats an <a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> document as a <a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a> wherein each <a href="Node_(computer_science)" title="Node (computer science)">node</a> is an <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> representing a part of the document. The DOM represents a document with a logical tree. Each branch of the tree ends in a node, and each node contains objects. DOM methods allow programmatic access to the tree; with them one can change the structure, style or content of a document.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nodes can have <a href="Event_handler" class="mw-redirect" title="Event handler">event handlers</a> (also known as event listeners) attached to them. Once an event is triggered, the event handlers get executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The principal standardization of the DOM was handled by the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), which last developed a recommendation in 2004. <a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> took over the development of the standard, publishing it as a <a href="Living_document" title="Living document">living document</a>. The W3C now publishes stable snapshots of the WHATWG standard.

</p><p>In HTML DOM (Document Object Model), every element is a node:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>A document is a document node.</li>

<li>All HTML elements are element nodes.</li>

<li>All HTML attributes are attribute nodes.</li>

<li>Text inserted into HTML elements are text nodes.</li>

<li>Comments are comment nodes.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The history of the Document Object Model is intertwined with the history of the "<a href="Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a>" of the late 1990s between <a href="Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Internet_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Explorer">Microsoft Internet Explorer</a>, as well as with that of <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a>, the first <a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting languages</a> to be widely <a href="Implementation" title="Implementation">implemented</a> in the <a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engines</a> of <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>.

</p><p>JavaScript was released by <a href="Netscape_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications">Netscape Communications</a> in 1995 within Netscape Navigator 2.0. Netscape's competitor, <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, released <a href="Internet_Explorer_3" title="Internet Explorer 3">Internet Explorer 3.0</a> the following year with a reimplementation of JavaScript called JScript. JavaScript and JScript let <a href="Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developers</a> create web pages with <a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">client-side</a> interactivity. The limited facilities for detecting user-generated <a href="Event_(computing)" title="Event (computing)">events</a> and modifying the HTML document in the first generation of these languages eventually became known as "DOM Level 0" or "Legacy DOM." No independent standard was developed for DOM Level 0, but it was partly described in the specifications for <a href="HTML4" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML4">HTML 4</a>.

</p><p>Legacy DOM was limited in the kinds of <a href="HTML_element" title="HTML element">elements</a> that could be accessed. <a href="Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">Form</a>, <a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">link</a> and image elements could be referenced with a hierarchical name that began with the root document object. A hierarchical name could make use of either the names or the <a href="Sequence" title="Sequence">sequential index</a> of the traversed elements. For example, a <a href="Text_box" title="Text box">form input element</a> could be accessed as either <code>document.myForm.myInput</code> or <code>document.forms[0].elements[0]</code>.

</p><p>The Legacy DOM enabled client-side form validation and simple interface interactivity like creating <a href="Tooltip" title="Tooltip">tooltips</a>.

</p><p>In 1997, Netscape and Microsoft released version 4.0 of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer respectively, adding support for <a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">Dynamic HTML</a> (DHTML) functionality enabling changes to a loaded HTML document. DHTML required extensions to the rudimentary document object that was available in the Legacy DOM implementations. Although the Legacy DOM implementations were largely compatible since JScript was based on JavaScript, the DHTML DOM extensions were developed in parallel by each browser maker and remained incompatible. These versions of the DOM became known as the "Intermediate DOM".

</p><p>After the standardization of <a href="ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>, the <a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> DOM Working Group began drafting a standard DOM specification. The completed specification, known as "DOM Level 1", became a W3C Recommendation in late 1998. By 2005, large parts of W3C DOM were well-supported by common ECMAScript-enabled browsers, including <a href="Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">Internet Explorer 6</a> (from 2001), <a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> and <a href="Gecko_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (layout engine)">Gecko</a>-based browsers (like <a href="Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla</a>, <a href="Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a> and <a href="Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> DOM Working Group published its final recommendation and subsequently disbanded in 2004. Development efforts migrated to the <a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a>, which continues to maintain a living standard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Web Applications group reorganized DOM activities at the W3C.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, due to a lack of progress and the impending release of <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, the DOM Level 4 specification was reassigned to the <a href="HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML Working Group</a> to expedite its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in 2015, the Web Applications group was disbanded and DOM stewardship passed to the Web Platform group.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the publication of DOM Level 4 in 2015, the W3C creates new recommendations based on snapshots of the WHATWG standard.

</p>

<ul><li>DOM Level 1 provided a complete model for an entire HTML or <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> document, including the means to change any portion of the document.</li>

<li>DOM Level 2 was published in late 2000. It introduced the <code>getElementById</code> function as well as an <a href="DOM_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="DOM Events">event model</a> and support for <a href="XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">XML namespaces</a> and CSS.</li>

<li>DOM Level 3, published in April 2004, added support for <a href="XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> and keyboard <a href="Event_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Event handling">event handling</a>, as well as an interface for <a href="Serialization" title="Serialization">serializing</a> documents as XML.</li>

<li>HTML5 was published in October 2014. Part of HTML5 had replaced DOM Level 2 HTML module.</li>

<li>DOM Level 4 was published in 2015 and retired in November 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/review-drafts/2020-06/">DOM 2020-06</a> was published in September 2021 as a W3C Recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a snapshot of the WHATWG living standard.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</h3></div>

<p>To <a href="Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">render</a> a document such as a HTML page, most web browsers use an internal model similar to the DOM. The nodes of every document are organized in a <a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a>, called the <i>DOM tree</i>, with the topmost node named as "Document object". When an HTML page is rendered in browsers, the browser downloads the HTML into local memory and automatically parses it to display the page on screen. However, the DOM does not necessarily need to be represented as a tree,<sup id="cite_ref-Level3-Introduction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Level3-Introduction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some browsers have used other internal models.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernizing-Dom_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernizing-Dom-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript">JavaScript</h3></div>

<p>When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document Object Model of the page, which is an object oriented representation of an HTML document that acts as an interface between JavaScript and the document itself. This allows the creation of <a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because within a page JavaScript can:

</p>

<ul><li>add, change, and remove any of the HTML elements and attributes</li>

<li>change any of the CSS styles</li>

<li>react to all the existing events</li>

<li>create new events</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="DOM_tree_structure">DOM tree structure</h2></div>

<p>A Document Object Model (DOM) tree is a hierarchical representation of an HTML or <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> document. It consists of a root node, which is the document itself, and a series of child nodes that represent the elements, attributes, and text content of the document. Each node in the tree has a parent node, except for the root node, and can have multiple child nodes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_as_nodes">Elements as nodes</h3></div><p>

Elements in an HTML or XML document are represented as nodes in the DOM tree. Each element node has a tag name and attributes, and can contain other element nodes or text nodes as children. For example, an HTML document with the following structure:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>

<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>My Website<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>

<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>Welcome to DOM<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">h1</span><span class="p">></span>

<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is my website.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>

</pre></div><p>will be represented in the DOM tree as:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>- Document (root)

- html

- head

- title

- "My Website"

- body

- h1

- "Welcome to DOM"

- p

- "This is my website."

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_nodes">Text nodes</h3></div>

<p>Text content within an element is represented as a text node in the DOM tree. Text nodes do not have attributes or child nodes, and are always leaf nodes in the tree. For example, the text content "My Website" in the title element and "Welcome" in the h1 element in the above example are both represented as text nodes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attributes_as_properties">Attributes as properties</h3></div><p>

Attributes of an element are represented as properties of the element node in the DOM tree. For example, an element with the following HTML:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://example.com"</span><span class="p">></span>Link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>

</pre></div><p>will be represented in the DOM tree as:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>- a

- href: "https://example.com"

- "Link"

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manipulating_the_DOM_tree">Manipulating the DOM tree</h2></div><p>

The DOM tree can be manipulated using JavaScript or other programming languages. Common tasks include navigating the tree, adding, removing, and modifying nodes, and getting and setting the properties of nodes. The DOM API provides a set of methods and properties to perform these operations, such as <code>getElementById</code>, <code>createElement</code>, <code>appendChild</code>, and <code>innerHTML</code>.</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="c1">// Create the root element</span>

<span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">root</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Create a child element</span>

<span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">child</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">createElement</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"child"</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="c1">// Add the child element to the root element</span>

<span class="nx">root</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">appendChild</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">child</span><span class="p">);</span>

</pre></div><p>Another way to create a DOM structure is using the innerHTML property to insert HTML code as a string, creating the elements and children in the process. For example:</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nb">document</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">getElementById</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"root"</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nx">innerHTML</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"<child></child>"</span><span class="p">;</span>

</pre></div><p>Another method is to use a JavaScript library or framework such as <a href="JQuery" title="JQuery">jQuery</a>, <a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>, <a href="React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React</a>, <a href="Vue.js" title="Vue.js">Vue.js</a>, etc. These libraries provide a more convenient, eloquent and efficient way to create, manipulate and interact with the DOM.

</p><p>It is also possible to create a DOM structure from an XML or JSON data, using JavaScript methods to parse the data and create the nodes accordingly.

</p><p>Creating a DOM structure does not necessarily mean that it will be displayed in the web page, it only exists in memory and should be appended to the document body or a specific container to be rendered.

</p><p>In summary, creating a DOM structure involves creating individual nodes and organizing them in a hierarchical structure using JavaScript or other programming languages, and it can be done using several methods depending on the use case and the developer's preference.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<p>Because the DOM supports navigation in any direction (e.g., parent and previous sibling) and allows for arbitrary modifications, implementations typically buffer the document.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a DOM need not originate in a serialized document at all, but can be created in place with the DOM API. And even before the idea of the DOM originated, there were implementations of equivalent structure with persistent disk representation and rapid access, for example <a href="DynaText" class="mw-redirect" title="DynaText">DynaText</a>'s model disclosed in <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various database approaches.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout_engines">Layout engines</h3></div>

<p>Web browsers rely on <a href="Web_browser_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web browser engine">layout engines</a> to parse HTML into a DOM. Some layout engines, such as <a href="Trident_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident (layout engine)">Trident/MSHTML</a>, are associated primarily or exclusively with a particular browser, such as Internet Explorer. Others, including <a href="Blink_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blink (layout engine)">Blink</a>, <a href="WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>, and <a href="Gecko_(layout_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (layout engine)">Gecko</a>, are shared by a number of browsers, such as <a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, <a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>, <a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, and <a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>. The different layout engines implement the DOM standards to varying degrees of compliance.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div>

<p>DOM implementations:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Libxml2" title="Libxml2">libxml2</a></li>

<li><a href="MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_Xerces" title="Apache Xerces">Xerces</a> is a collection of DOM implementations written in C++, Java and Perl</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/xml.dom.html">xml.dom</a> for <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>

<li>XML for <SCRIPT> is a JavaScript-based DOM implementation<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/PhpGt/Dom">PHP.Gt DOM</a> is a server-side DOM implementation based on <a href="Libxml2" title="Libxml2">libxml2</a> and brings DOM level 4 compatibility<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> programming language</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fgnass/domino/">Domino</a> is a Server-side (Node.js) DOM implementation based on Mozilla's dom.js. Domino is used in the <a href="MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> stack with Visual Editor.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wooly905/SimpleHtmlDom/">SimpleHtmlDom</a> is a simple HTML document object model in C#, which can generate HTML string programmatically.</li></ul>

<p>APIs that expose DOM implementations:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Java_API_for_XML_Processing" title="Java API for XML Processing">JAXP</a> (Java API for XML Processing) is an API for accessing DOM providers</li>

<li><a href="Lazarus_(IDE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus (IDE)">Lazarus</a> (<a href="Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> IDE) contains two variants of the DOM - with UTF-8 and ANSI format</li></ul>

<p>Inspection tools:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="DOM_Inspector" title="DOM Inspector">DOM Inspector</a> is a web developer tool</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Shadow_DOM" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow DOM">Shadow DOM</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_DOM" title="Virtual DOM">Virtual DOM</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All versioning refers to W3C DOM only.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/websites/web-development/an-introduction-to-the-document-object-model-dom/">"Document Object Model (DOM): definition, structure and example"</a>. <i>IONOS Digitalguide</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Level3-Introduction-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Level3-Introduction_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-DOM-Level-3-Core-20040407/introduction.html">"What is the Document Object Model?"</a>. W3C<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>. <q>However, the DOM does not specify that documents must be implemented as a tree or a grove, nor does it specify how the relationships among objects be implemented. The DOM is a logical model that may be implemented in any convenient manner.</q></cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2006" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, David (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/javascript00libg_297"><i>JavaScript: The Definitive Guide</i></a></span>. O'Reilly & Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/javascript00libg_297/page/n310">312</a>–313. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-596-10199-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKoch2001" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Peter-Paul (May 14, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427220310/http://www.digital-web.com/articles/the_document_object_model/">"The Document Object Model: an Introduction"</a>. <i>Digital Web Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digital-web.com/articles/the_document_object_model/">the original</a> on April 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLe_Hégaret2002" class="citation web cs1">Le Hégaret, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/26-dom-article.html">"The W3C Document Object Model (DOM)"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGuisset" class="citation web cs1">Guisset, Fabian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302191641/https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/DOM_Levels">"What does each DOM Level bring?"</a>. <i>Mozilla Developer Center</i>. Mozilla Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/DOM_Levels">the original</a> on March 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Document_object_models" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Document object models">document object models</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/">DOM Living Standard</a> by the WHATWG</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/DOM/">Original W3C DOM hub</a> by the W3C DOM Working Group (outdated)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/standards/history/dom">Latest snapshots of the WHATWG living standard</a> published by the W3C HTML Working Group</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/WebPlatform/WG/">Web Platform Working Group</a> (current steward of W3C DOM)</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="JavaScript497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="JavaScript497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li>

<li><a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_stack" title="JavaScript stack">JavaScript stack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Inspector</li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> Web Inspector</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li>

<li><a href="QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_browsers181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">

<ul><li>Features</li>

<li>standards</li>

<li>protocols</li></ul>

</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bookmark_(digital)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>

<ul><li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosia#Ecosia_Browser" title="Ecosia">Ecosia</a></li>

<li><a href="Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li>

<li><a href="SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li>

<li><a href="Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li>

<li><a href="Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li>

<li><a href="Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li>

<li><a href="Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li>

<li><a href="Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li>

<li><a href="Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li>

<li><a href="Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li>

<li><a href="Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li>

<li><a href="GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li>

<li><a href="LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li>

<li><a href="SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li>

<li>Gecko <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a>

<ul><li><a href="Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>

<li><a href="K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li>

<li><a href="SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li>

<li><a href="Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li>

<li><a href="NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li>

<li><a href="Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li>

<li><a href="Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li>

<li><a href="Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li>

<li><a href="Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li>

<li><a href="Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li>

<li><a href="SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li>

<li><a href="Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li>

<li><a href="Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox_Lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li>

<li><a href="Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li>

<li><a href="PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li>

<li><a href="TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>

<li><a href="Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li>

<li><a href="GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_Explorer" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="MSN_Dial-Up_Internet_Access#MSN_2.0" title="MSN Dial-Up Internet Access">MSN Program Viewer</a></li>

<li><a href="NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li>

<li><a href="NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li>

<li><a href="SpaceTime_(software)" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li>

<li><a href="QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li>

<li><a href="WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li>

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Edge_Legacy" title="Microsoft Edge Legacy">Edge Legacy</a></li>

<li><a href="ELinks" title="ELinks">ELinks</a></li>

<li><a href="Gazelle_(web_browser)" title="Gazelle (web browser)">Gazelle</a></li>

<li><a href="HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_Home_Page_Reader" title="IBM Home Page Reader">IBM Home Page Reader</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_WebExplorer" title="IBM WebExplorer">IBM WebExplorer</a></li>

<li><a href="IBrowse" title="IBrowse">IBrowse</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">Internet Explorer for Mac</a></li>

<li><a href="KidZui" title="KidZui">KidZui</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="NetPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="NetPositive">NetPositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Netscape_(web_browser)" title="Netscape (web browser)">Netscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Skweezer" title="Skweezer">Skweezer</a></li>

<li><a href="Skyfire_(company)" title="Skyfire (company)">Skyfire</a></li>

<li><a href="ThunderHawk" title="ThunderHawk">ThunderHawk</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_Mobile_Browser" title="Vision Mobile Browser">Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="WinWAP" title="WinWAP">WinWAP</a></li>

<li><a href="WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">WorldWideWeb</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_web_browsers" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparison</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products,<br>standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li>

<li><a href="Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexbox" title="Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li>

<li><a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="SVG_filter_effects" title="SVG filter effects">Filter Effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="SCXML" title="SCXML">SCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li>

<li><a href="SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Timed_text" title="Timed text">Timed text</a></li>

<li><a href="VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li>

<li><a href="WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a>

<li><a href="XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li>

<li><a href="XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li>

<li><a href="XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li>

<li><a href="XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li>

<li><a href="XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>

<li><a href="XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li>

<li><a href="XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li>

<li><a href="XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li>

<li><a href="XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li>

<li><a href="XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li>

<li><a href="CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li>

<li><a href="InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li>

<li><a href="SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li>

<li><a href="XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups,<br>organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li>

<li>Defunct: <a href="World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Board</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community, business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li>

<li><a href="W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li>

<li><a href="Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> (1993–98)</li>

<li><a href="Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> (1994–97)</li>

<li><a href="Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> (browser/editor, 1996–2012)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Web_Conference" title="The Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C)

<ul><li><a href="International_World_Wide_Web_Conference_Committee" title="International World Wide Web Conference Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li>

<li><a href="First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_interfaces26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Web_interfaces26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Web_API" title="Web API">Web interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Server-side154"><a href="Server-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side">Server-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li>

<li><a href="JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li>

<li><a href="Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a>

<ul><li><a href="NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a>

<li><a href="ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li>

<li><a href="HTML_video" title="HTML video">Video</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSockets</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Messaging" title="Web Messaging">Web messaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_worker" title="Web worker">Web worker</a></li>

<li><a href="XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="DOM_event" title="DOM event">DOM events</a></li>

<li><a href="W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li>

<li><a href="WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li>

<li><a href="WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li>

<li><a href="WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li>

<li><a href="WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li>

<li><a href="Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li>

<li><a href="Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">Frontend and backend</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a>

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_API_security" title="Web API security">Web API security</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a>

<li><a href="Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_web_app" title="Progressive web app">Progressive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4680714-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006005140">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007566405605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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